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Part 1. For questions 1-5, you will hear a
woman talking about caffein. Listen and decide
whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
l. The desired effect of caffeine is brought
about as it facilitates the proper function of
Adenosine receptors in the brain.
2. People around the world have consumed
caffeine-infused products on a daily basis for
centuries.
3. The popularity of tea in Britain led to it
being consumed in China later on. 4.
Caffeinated drinks have integrated themselves into the drinking culture in the
United States. 5. Pure caffeine poses a
serious health risk, resulting even in dealths.
Part 2. For questions 6-10, you will hear a
lecture about water. Listen and answer the
questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for
each answer in the corresponding
numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points) 6. What are the two features of
water that concern people everywhere?
7. What is the main use of water in our
everyday life?
8. Besides rivers, where can we find the
purest water?
9. What hinders people from utilising
rainwater in Oceania, besides its increasingly limited amount?
10. What need(s) removing from water before we
use it?
Page 1 of 17
Part 3. For questions 11-15, you will hear two
nutritionists, Fay Wells and George Fisher,
discussing methods of food production. Choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which fits best according to what you
hear and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
11. Looking at reports on the subject of GM
foods, Fay feels _______.
A. pleased to read that the problem of food
shortages is being addressed
B. surprised that the fears of the public are
not allayed by them
C. frustrated by contradictory
conclusions
D. critical of the scientists' methodology
12. What does George suggest about organic
foods?
A. Consumers remain surprisingly poorly
informed about them.
B. People need to check out the claims made
about them.
C. They need to be made more attractive to
meat-eaters.
D. They may become more widely affordable in
frture.
13. What is George's opinion of 'vertical
farming'?
A. It could provide a realistic alternative to
existing methods.
B. It's a highly impractical scheme dreamt up
by architects.
C. It's unlikely to go much beyond the
experimental stage.
D. It has the potential to reduce consumpyon
of energy.
14. George and Fay agree that the use of
nanotechnology in food production will _______. A. reduce the need for dietary
supplements
B. simplify the process of food-labelling
C. complicate things for the consumer
D. introduce potential health risks
15. In Fay's view, returning to
self-suffciency is only an option for people who _______. A. have no need to
get a return on their investment
B. are willing to accept a high level of
regulation
C. reject the values of a consumer
society
D. already have sufficient set-up funds
Part 4. For questions 16-25, you will listen
to a recording of a presenter talking about Machu Picchu. Complete the summary by writing NO
MORE THAN FOUR WORDS and/or A NUMBER in
each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (20 points)
Page 2 of 17
16. Machu Picchu, one of the most fascinating
archaeological sites on Earth, proves how
__________ the Incas were.
17. In its heyday, the Inca civilisation
stretched __________, comparable to the horizontal width of the continental America.
18. Machu Picchu epitomised the Inca's
__________.
19. The construction of Machu Picchu was
spectacular as it was done without the use of
__________ to bind stones together.
20. Despite regular __________ in the region,
Machu Picchu has remained in remarkable
condition for over five centuries.
21. Machu Picchu is likely to have played its
role as a(n) __________, a military stronghold, or a ceremonial site.
22. It is impossible to shed light on the real
purpose Picchu due to the Inca's lack of
__________.
23. After being abandoned, Machu Picchu
remained a mystery to the outside world, including __________ who mounted an invasion of the
Inca civilisation in the 16th century.
24. __________ notwithstanding, Machu Picchu is still among the world's
most important archaeological
sites.
25. 1983 saw Machu Picchu being designated as
__________.
B. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (30 points)
Part 1. For questions 26-55, choose one of the
words marked A, B, C, or D which best
completes the following sentences and write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes on the
answer sheet. (20 points)
26. The new cirriculum has been designed to
________ students' learning by combining theory
with hands-on practice.
A. alleviate B. exaggerate C. sharpen D.
optimize 27. The consultant called in by
the firm had a ________ of experience bearing on the problem. A. wealth B. carton C. bank D. hoard
28. The chairman had a recommendation that
________.
A. each member studied more carefully the
problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied by
each member
C. with more carefulness the problem could be
studied
D. each member study the problem more carefully
Page 3 of 17
29. A career in marketing has always been what
she desires, so she just ________ herself in her work.
A. immersed B. submerged C. engulfed D.
engrossed 30. Rather than ponder the
questions, the interviewee ________ out the first answer coming into his head.
A. blundered B. blurted C. bungled D.
botched 31. She rocked the baby in her
arms and watched his little face as he ________ to sleep. A. drifted off B. burned with C. slipped into
D. popped up 32. He was so highly
knowledgeable on the areas that many would say he was something of a ________.
A. veteran B. novice C. probationer D.
archivist 33. Many people refused to fall in with the idea that religion is
a(n) ________ disputable
anachronism.
A. academically B. cerebrally C. cognitively
D. intellectually 34. A large proportion
of the households in this area is ________ to the internet thanks to a generous
foreign donor.
A. linked with B. wired up C. hooked up D.
crossed with 35. It was a close ________
but we just made it to the airport on time for our flight. A. drive B. run C. call D. go
36. You are not supposed to park on the hard
________ except in an emergency. A.
shoulder B. area C. lane D. head
37. Round and round ________.
A. went the wheels of the engine B. the wheels
of the engine went C. did the wheels of
the engine go D. going the wheels of the engine
38. I was thrilled to meet Paul Mc Cartney in the ________ when I sat
next to him at the theatre. A. face B. flesh C. blood D. vein
39. He preferred to ________ any profits he
made back into business.
A. sow B. plan C. plough D. dig
40. His new manager, who is always willing to
do somebody a good ________, is kind-hearted
and sociable.
A. go B. turn C. play D. part
41. It was a hot summer day and ice cream
salesmen were doing a ________ trade. A. roaring B. bustling C. flickering D.
staggering
Page 4 of 17
42. The choreographer ______ his fingers in
time to the music so that the dancers could pick up the tempo.
A. clenched B. snapped C. nudged D.
beckoned 43. The football club decided to
________ the team with a couple ofworld-class players. A. beef up B. chuck out C. match against D.
sort out 44. When you join this game,
it's important that you should ________.
A. keep your wits about you B. gather your
wits
C. keep your head in the clouds D. go to your
head
45. Regional parliaments allow ________ for
remote parts of the country or islands far from the captital.
A. self-government B. self-sufficiency C.
self-regulation D. self-support
Part 2. For questions 46-55, give the correct
form of each given word to complete the
following sentences and write your answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
46. If a screen does not contain everything
needed, further lexicographic information can be obtained by clicking on a ________. (LINK)
47. The documented differences between men and
women in scientific career paths do not
match what would be expected in a true ________. (MERIT)
48. Few _________ of homeopathy, acupuncture
and the like regard therapies as complete
substitutes for modem medicine. (PRACTICE)
49. You can ask a _________ for advice on what
kind of food you should eat to keep you healthy. (DIET)
50. The new policy only serves to _________
the inadequacy of provision for the homeless.
(ACCENT)
51. It is vital that we _________ this realm
if we ever want to get anything done effective in securing it. (MYSTERY)
52. At the dawn of the Internet, many believed
that it would enable a more _________ platform,
particularly with politics. (PARTICIPATE)
53. I must admit that it is time the
organizers did away with the _________ computer system and bought a new one. (ANNUAL)
54. The building looks a bit _________ from the
outside but it's quite traditional inside. (FUTURE) 55. Left-handers now
dominate the game to an extent that _________ their numbers. (WEIGH)
Page 5 of 17
C. READING (60 points)
Part 1. For questions 56-65, fill each of the
following numbered blanks with ONE suitable
word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the
answer sheet. (15 points)
THE CHANGING FACE OF WORKING LIFE
The accepted concept of a career path followed
a similar pattern for decades. After
(56)_______ their education, people would enter the adult world of work,
settling down to a job in which they
would likely remain from that point (57) _______. Not only would this
occupation provide their income for
their entire working life, it would also allow them a(n) (58) _______ pension
when they retired and moved into old age. Over the past twenty years, however,
the relationship between a wage earner
and their chosen profession has changed enormously. Today, the LGHD RI D ³MRE-for-OLIH´ KDV DOO (59) _______
disappeared, to be replaced by an unforgiving world of unstable employment. Some observers even
argue that current society appears to pit old
(60)_______ young in a constant battle to find work of some description,
all against a (61) ______ of increasing debt and economic difficulties.
At the same time, the government regularly
(62) ______ figures that suggest that the
economy is prospering, evidencing this claim with the fact that the
unemployment rate continues to fall
annually. There are indeed more jobs (63) ______. However, a huge number of
these are casual, temporary or
short-term positions, all of which are low-paid and create (64)______ in
the way of tax income for the government.
This has a number of debilitating long-term effects, not (65) ______ because this assurance of a
growing economy is based more in myth than fact.
Part 2. For questions 66-75, read the passage
below and choose the answer A, B, C, or D that
fit best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (10 points)
WRITING FICTION
Because I am a novelist myself, I am always
faintly fussed by the idea of creative writing
courses. I completely accept that you can teach the craft, that you can
give instruction on how to structure a
book, how to vary space and tension, hRZ
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%XW ZKDW \RX
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the right kind of interpretation of what has been observed. It worries me to think of all those earnest pupils who have
diligently mastered the mechanics, wondering with
varying degrees of misery and rage ZK\ WKH
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The great writer Samuel Coleridge explained it. He said that there are
two kinds of imagination, the primary
and the secondary. We all, he said, possess the primary imagination,
Page 6 of 17
we all have the capacity to perceive, to
notice. But what only poets (loosely translated as all truly creative people, I suppose) have - the
secondary imagination is the capacity to select, and then translate and illuminate everything that
has been observed so that it seems to the audience something entirely new, something entirely
true, something exciting, wonderful and terrible.
There is, after all, nothing new to say about
the human condition. There is nothing to say
that Shakespeare or SophocleV
KDVQ¶W DOUHDG\ Lnimitably, brilliantly, said. Codes of
product, fashions in morality and
ethics, all may come and go. But what the human heart has desired - and feared
- down WKH DJHV JRHV RQ EHLQJ YHU\ PXFK WKH VDPH 7KH QRYHOLVW¶V WDVN LV WR IROORZ the well-trodden, time-worn path of human
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What I do believe, fervently, is that we are
all in this boat together ± writer, reader, critic. I have a tattered little quotation that lies
on my desk and becomes more valuable to me as time goes on. It comes from the autobiography of
the celebrated nineteenth-century writer Anthony Trollope. He said many remarkable things in
this book, but my own personal favourite is on the VXEMHFW
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not so much concerned with the landscape
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Page 7 of 17
longing, or disappointment (much under-rated,
in my view, as a source for distress), or
frustration, or idiotic hope, or bad behaviour. What fiction does, in
this difficult world, is to reassure us
that we are not alone, nor we are (most of us) lost causes. There is a theory
that suffering strengthens and elevates
us in a way that jo\ FDQ QHYHU VRPHKRZ GR
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subject more fascinating or more
important?
66. What view does the novelist express about
creative writing courses?
A. A few good books emerge from them.
B. It would be inappropriate for her to teach
on them.
C. Students are frustrated by the poor
teaching on them.
D. Some aspects of writing skills can be
successfully taught on them.
67. The novelist iPSOLHV WKDW D ZULWHU¶V PRVW
YDOXDEOH DVVHW Ls ______.
A. an instinct for the unusual
B. a gift for meticulous observation
C. the ability to put a fresh interpretation
on the everyday world
D. the ability to highlight sensational aspects
of our existence
68. What is stated about writers in the third
paragraph?
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B. They should revisit well-established themes.
C. They should be prepared to exaggerate their
personal experience.
D. They should not try to keep pace with
changes in literary tastes.
69 7KH
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______. A. familiar and long-standing B. extraordinary and profound
C. up-to-date and catchy D. simple and soulful
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A. conservative B. receptive C. impartial D.
emotional 71. The novelist states that one of her own strengths as a writer
lies in ________. A. her depiction of character B. her construction of plot
C. her command of language D. her knowledge of
psychology
Page 8 of 17
72. Why does novelist admire Anthony Trollope?
A. He portrays the fact that everyone suffers
in some way.
B. He realises that all writers need a strong
sense of place.
C. He understands that everyone craves deep
emotion.
D. He is aware that all writers have a
particular obsession.
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A. exhilarating B. epoch-making C. pathetic D.
trivial 74. The novelist describHV ILFWLRQ DV µa handrail, of a kind¶ because
it ______. A. reflects the negative aspects of emotion B. enables us to deal
with failure C. helps us make sense of complex events D. offers reassurance in
an uncertain world 75. Which theme recurs in this text?
A. The need for novelists to avoid complex
philosophical questions
B. The need for novelists to develop their
writing techniques
C. The need for novelists to give an accurate
reflection of the spirit of the time '
7KH QHHG IRU QRYHOLVWV WR LGHQWLI\ FORVHO\ ZLWK UHDGHUV¶ preoccupations
Part 3. For questions 76-88, read the
following passage and do the tasks that follow. (13 points)
DOES WATER HAVE MEMORY?
The practice of homeopathy was first developed
by the German physician Samuel
Hahnemann. During research in the 17903, Hahnemann began experimenting
with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the
time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with
quinine while in a state of good health, and reported in his journals that his
extremiWLHV ZHQW FROG KH H[SHULHQFHG
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VXFFHVVLYHO\«´ HDKQHPDQQ¶V PDLQ REVervation was that things which create
problems for healthy people cure
those problems in sick people, and this became
his first principle of homeopathy: simila
similibus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle
of apothecary practice µat the time ±
which was contraria contrariis (with help from the opposite) ± the efficacy
of simila similibus was reaffirmed by
subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations.
+DKQHPDQQ¶V
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PLQLPDO GRVLQJ-treatments should
be taken in the most diluted form at
which they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of simila similibus.
Page 9 of 17
In 1988 the French immunologist Jacques
Benveniste took minimal dosing to new
extremes when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal
Nature in which he suggested that very
high dilutions of the anti~1gE antibody could affect human basophil granulocytes, the least common of the
granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood cells. The point of controversy,
hRZHYHU ZDV WKDW WKH ZDWHU LQ
%HQYHQLVWH¶V WHVW KDG EHHQ so diluted
that any molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water
molecules, the researcher concluded, had
a biologically active component that a journalist later tHUPHG ³ZDWHU memory´
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SHHU-reviewed study under broadly
accepted conditions has been able to confirP
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³water PHPRU\´
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KRPHRSDWK\ LV ³WKH
VLQJOH UHPHG\´ ([SRQHQWV of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if
not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple homeopathic remedies delivered
simultaneously. If it did work, they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning
homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work, neither patient nor practitioner
would know whether the ingredients were all
ineffective, or whether they were only ineffective in combination with
one another. Combination remedies are
gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who rely on the single
remedy approach warn these are not more
potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The availability of
combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest, has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from homeopathic
research indicating their efficacy.
Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of
medicine, with strong assertions coming
from both critics DQG VXSSRUWHUV RI WKH SUDFWLFH ³ +RPHRSDWK\
7KHUH¶V QRWKLQJ LQ LW ´ announces
the tagline to 10:23, a major British anti-homeopathy campaign. At 10.23 am. on
30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of
the 10:23 stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle each of homeopathic pills in
an attempt to raise awareness about the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water,
with no active components. This, defenders of
homeopathy say, is entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely
on ingredients that EHFRPH WR[LF
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Critics also point out the fact that
homeopathic preparations have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor whether or
not a particular treatment has been efficacious. Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While
results may be less certain, they argue, the non-
Page 10 of 17
toxic nature of homeopathy means that
practitioner and patient can experiment until they find something that works without concern for side
effects. Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a cocktail of drugs that only
tackles the symptoms of disease, while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes.
Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more effective treatment.
Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term that describes beneficial outcomes from D WUHDWPHQW WKDQ FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH SDWLHQW¶V H[SHFWDWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH WUHDWPHQW UDWKHU WKDQ IURP WKH WUHDWPHQW LWVHOI %DVLFDOO\ WKH SDWLHQW ³tKLQNV´ KLPVHOI LQWR
feeling better. Defenders suggest that
homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point to the successful results of homeopathy
on patients who are unconscious at the time of
treatment, as well as on animals.
For questions 76-82, decide whether the
following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG). Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided on the
answer sheet.
76. Samuel Hahnemannn developed his principles
based on an existent set of rules at his time.
77. The existence of a biologically active part in water has yet to be
conclusively proven. 78. The Single
remedy serves to preclude the unforeseeable outcomes of remedial
combinations. 79. It has been suggested
that the practice of applying several treatments at the same time becomes more common due to endorsements by
scientists.
80. The uncertainty of preparations for
homeopathy is perceived by both supporters and
opponents of it.
81. Patients' feelings are affected by the
outcomes ofthe treatments they receive.
82. Abortive attempts of homeopathic treatment are used to corroborate
its opponents' arguments.
For questions 83-88, write NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS taken front the passage to
complete the following paragraph. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided on
the answer sheet.
There are three principles behind the practice
of homeopathy. The first one, simila similibus, was developed by Samuel
Hahnemann after experimentation in which he observed that problem-inducing factors could become
treatments for suffering people. While marking a departure from that of (83) ______________,
this principle of homeopathy was substantiated by
Page 11 of 17
further advancements. The second principle,
minimal dosing, serves to avert (84)____________ that can be caused by simila
similibus. The attempt for its furtherance was made by Jacques Benveniste, but controversy was sparked as
there was a lack of (85) ______________ in the
used water. Moreover, a result from his experiment termed "water
memory" had received (86)______________ to the moment of writing. The
third principle named 'fie single remedy"
works on the ground that application of multiple treatments at the same
time can make
homeopathy become a(n) (87) ______________
even when the results are desirable. Homeopathy is a controversial remedy.
While there are arguments in favour of it, critics have suggested weaknesses in the treatment
including its components, lack of systemic design and the reliance on (88) ______________ of
its feasible positive effects.
Part 4: In the passage below, seven paragraphs
have been removed. Read the passage and
choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE
extra pragraph which you do not need to
use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (7 points)
THE WATERPHONE
Brooks Hubbert clutches the neck of a prickly,
circular instrument that somewhat resembles an
upside-down jellyfish, its tendrils represented by stiff bronze rods of
various lengths.
89.
This is a waterphone, and its distinctive
music is felt as much as heard - in the hair at the back of WKH QHFN
LQ WKH JXW ,W¶V WKH VRXQG RI D
OXUFKLQJ HOHYDWor or a renegade fairground ride about to spin off its axis.
90.
Invented and patented in 1969, the waterphone
has captivated, confused, and generally creeped
out audiences via film scores, orchestral works, and more than one
experimental San Francisco concert over
the past 45 years.
91.
+XEEHUW
LV QRZ FDUU\LQJ
RQ :DWHUV¶ OHJDF\ Euilding waterphones in his backyard
workshop using the same painstaking
process Waters devised. Each waterphone starts with a stainless steel pan, shaped like two pie tins welded at the
brim, which acts as a resonator. Out of this base juts a series of bronze tonal rods and a long,
thick neck with an opening at the top, where the water is poured in. Fill the pan with water, and the
rods vibrate and trill with woozy harmonies when tapped with a mallet or stroked with a bow.
Page 12 of 17
92.
-XVW
GRQ¶W WXUQ LW
XSVLGH GRwn, or the water will
fall out. It fits into so many different
applications because it has such a wide range of tones. There are all
kinds of playing techniques that have
yet to even be discovered.
93.
:DWHUV¶ SDWK WR LQYHQWLRQ EHJDQ LQ JUDG VFKRol
in the mid-1960s at OaklaQG¶V &DOLIRUQLD &ROOHJH of Arts and Crafts, where he first played an
instrument he described as a Tibetan water drum - a round bronze tub, filled with water, that
rocked when struck. Later, dabbling in the local hippie scene, he heard the music of a kalimba in a
Haight-Ashbury parade.
94.
Waters and Charlton, both drawn to
experimental music, formed the Gravity Adjusters ([SDQVLRQ %DQG LQ DQG EHJDQ VKRZFDVLQJ :DWHUV¶ VRQLF
LQYHQWLRQV DURXQG the Bay Area. Other
percussionists took notice. When drummer Shelly Manne flew up from Los Angeles
and asked to buy a waterphone, Charlton
knew his bandmate was onto something big. Waters soon drove a vanload of his instruments to L.A.,
and sold them all in one week.
95.
Think of those skin-bristling scenes where a
protagonist wanders into a dark house alone - the audio accompaniment is often a waterphone,
which Hubbert discovered while browsing music
news on the Web in the late 1990s.
The Paragraphs
A. Waters began welding his own homemade
instruments out oftin cans, salad bowls, and hubcaps. He eventually showed one
to his friend, jazz drummer Lee Charlton. At Charlton's studio, the pair poured some water into the
base, and the first waterphone was born.
B. Even as synthesizers rose to ubiquity and electronic samples could be
coaxed from computers with a few deft
keystrokes, Waters' acoustic invention never lost its appeal. In times of peak demand, customers lined up for
a spot on a yearlong waiting list, eager to shell out up to $1,700 for one of his handmade
creations.
C. The instrument's melody is often compared
to that ofthe humpback whale - so much so
that conservation groups have used the apparatus to summon cetaceans.
The waterphone is classified as a
percussion instrument, but it has a greater range than any of its comrades
in that category. There is no part of
the gadget that doesn't make music - one can strike the rods, hit or rub the underside of the base,
or finger-drum on the neck.
Page 13 of 17
D. A few years later, Hubbert was playing a
gig at a local yacht club, and Waters, not
recognizing him, came up to praise the show. Hubbert took off his
sunglasses and reintroduced himself;
they had a fond reunion. Waters started attending Hubbert's gigs, and Hubbert would stop by Waters' home studio to
chat about the waterphone craft.
E. That idea might have pleased Waters, a
trained painter, kinetic sculptor, bamboo
enthusiast, and lifelong creator who would often walk into a room and
begin drumming on any interesting wood
or brass objects he saw, according to his daughter, Rayme Waters. F. It might
call to mind the soundtracks of 1980s-era horror and ghost movies, and
with good reason. The instrument's low,
haunting moans and eerie, high-pitched squeals - like screeching brakes - have become known as the
sound of suspense in films like Poltergeist, The Matrix, Star Trek - The Motion
Picture, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and Let the Right One In.
G. Shortly aner that, Hollywood came knocking.
An acquaintance of Waters' Who worked as
a sound-effects artist told him the water-phone had potential, and before long,
composers began incorporating the
instrument into film and TV scores. Thrillers were a natural fit. H. He drags a bow across a few of them,
producing a piercing, metallic shriek. Satisfied with this, he tilts the instrument to one
side, and this is where the sound goes wonky as tones bend upward, dip down, and shift sideways
because the six ounces of water in the device's
base echo and resonate.
Part 5: For questions 96-105, you are going to
read an article about an art exhibition that
focuses on the subject of whether paintings are authentic or fake.
Answer the questions by choosing from
the sections of the article (A - F). The sections may be chosen more than
once,
Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (15 points)
A. Close Examination at the National Gallery
looks at 40 problematic works from the Gallery's collection - including
outright forgeries, misattributions, and copies, altered or over restored
paintings, and works whose authenticity has wrongly been doubted. The curators
have taken on a huge subject - the range
of possibilities museum professionals take into consideration when they investigate a picture's status and
the variety of technical procedures conservation scientists use to establish authorship and
date. The case histories they discuss have a single common denominator.
Whatever conclusion the combined disciplines of connoisseurship, science and art history may lead, the study
of any work of art begins with a question: is the work by the artist to whom it is attributed?
Page 14 of 17
B. A good example is a painting that the
National Gallery acquired in 1923, as the work of an artist in the circle of the Italian 15th
century painter Melozzo da Forlì. Today, we find it incredible that anyone was ever fooled by a
picture that looks like it was painted by a Surrealist follower of Salvador Dali. But this is to
forget how little was known about Melozzo, and how little could be done in the conservation lab
to determine the date of pigments or wood panel.
Even so, from the moment the picture was
acquired, sceptics called its status into question. Nothing could be proved until 1960 when an
art historian pointed out the anachronisms. When technological advances enabled
the gallery to test the pigments, they were found to be from the 19th century.
C. Scientific evidence can be invaluable but it has to be used with caution and in tandem with historical research. For example, Corot's ravishing sketch The Roman Campagna, with the Claudian Aqueduct has always been dated to about 1826, soon after the artist's arrival in Rome.
However, the green pigment that Corot used
throughout the picture only became available to artists in the 1830s. The
landscape wasn't a fake and for stylistic reasons couldn't have been painted later than the 1820s. All
became clear when historians did more research and discovered that the firm
that sold artists' supplies to Corot in Paris started making the newly developed colour available to selected
customers in the mid-1820s, long before it came into widespread use.
D. The flipside of a fake, but capable of
doing equal violence to an artist's reputation, occurs when an authentic work is mistakenly labelled
a forgery. I well remember how distressing it was to read an article in which the former
director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thomas Hoving, declared that
Uccello's lovely little canvas of St. George and the Dragon was forged. The
gallery therefore X-rayed the picture and tested paint samples, before
concluding that it was a rare survival
of a work by Uccello dating from the early 1470s. Hoving was irresponsible not
because he questioned the attribution of a much-loved work, but because he went
public without first asking the gallery to
carry out a thorough scientific analysis.
E. Anyone can label a picture a fake or a
copy, but their opinions are worthless unless they can support them with tangible proof. One
picture that's been smeared in this way is Raphael's Madonna of the Pinks. In this exhibition we
are shown infrared photographs that reveal the presence both of major
corrections which a copyist would not need to make, and also of under drawing in a hand comparable to Raphael's
when he sketched on paper. The pigments and paper technique exactly match those that the artist
used in other works.
F. The show also has an unspoken agenda. It is
a reply to the mistaken belief that museums
Page 15 of 17
have anything to gain by hiding the true
status of the art they own. As the downgrading in this show of Courbet's Self-Portrait to the status
of a posthumous copy of a picture in the Louvre
shows, the opposite is the case: museums and galleries constantly
question, reattribute and re date the works in their care. If they make a mistake,
they acknowledge it.
In which section of the article are the
following mentioned?
96. the different categories of people involved in examining pictures
97. an incorrect idea about the attitude of
people responsible for exhibiting paintings
98. similarities in an artist's style in more than one place
99. investigative work that showed that a
picture was an unusual example of an artist's work 100. information that solved a mystery about
a painting known to be authentic 101. reasons
why it is understandable that a certain mistake was made
102. the willingness of experts to accept that
their beliefs are wrong
103. the ftndamental issue surrounding
research into a picture
104. evidence from an expert outside the world
of art
105. an accusation that upset the writer
personally
D. WRITING (60 points)
Part 1. Read the following ex-tract and use
your own words to summarize it. Your summary
should be about 140 words. You MUST NOT copy the original. (15
points) According to a report by
Asiaweek, on-the-job injuries are no longer confined strictly to blue-collar workers. The modern-day office
has become a danger zone and computers are
largely to be blamed. Their increased use points to an increase in sick
leave and doctors' visits. The new group
of patients includes writers, secretaries and data-entry clerks. Anyone
who spends hours at a keyboard can be at
risk.
The most frequent complaints are wrist, hand and neck pain. These are typical signs of repetitive strain injuries. Another related condition is called carpal tunnel syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. It results from repeated movements such as typing or using the mouse over a long period of time. Before computers came along, typists would stop to make corrections or change paper. These movements provided some relief. Now, typists rarely move from their computer, hitting as much as 21,600 words an hour. In severe cases, the pain shoots up a victim's arm. Some also develop neck and shoulder problems from holding their head in uncomfortable positions.
Computer users may also complain of eye
strain, headaches, double vision and other eye
problems caused by improper use of display screens. It may be a result
of staring at the screen for too long.
It could also be due to improper lighting and screen glare.
The best way to cope with such problems is to
adopt healthier work habits. This means
that the workers have to hold their wrists flat when they use the
keyboard. They should also tap on the
keys softly and take frequent breaks. Their feet should also be flat on the
floor and their heads and backs
straight. Some may be required to change their typing technique. In severe
Page 16 of 17
cases, taking a rest and some anti-inflammatory medication may be necessary. There are also ergonomic hardware and software that blends well with a person's body or actions. Some examples of such ergonomic hardware are tilting display screens, detachable keyboards and specially designed keyboards that are suitable for the wrists. Employers and managers should help employees create a comfortable working environment to reduce the side effects of working on the computer.
Part 2. The bar chart below gives information
about the percentage of the population living in urban areas in different parts of the
world.
Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant. (15 points)
Changes in percentage of population in urban
areas
Part 3. Essay writing. (30 points)
Some people say that citizens should be given
freedom to express their personal opinions and
concerns about the social problems on the Internet. To what extent do
you agree or disagree? Give reasons and
relevant examples to support your answer. You should write at least 350 words.
