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Part 1. For questions 1-5, you will hear a woman talking about caffein. Listen and decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
l. The desired effect of caffeine is brought about as it facilitates the proper function of Adenosine receptors in the brain.
2. People around the world have consumed caffeine-infused products on a daily basis for centuries.
3. The popularity of tea in Britain led to it being consumed in China later on. 4. Caffeinated drinks have integrated themselves into the drinking culture in the United States. 5. Pure caffeine poses a serious health risk, resulting even in dealths.
Part 2. For questions 6-10, you will hear a lecture about water. Listen and answer the questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points) 6. What are the two features of water that concern people everywhere?
7. What is the main use of water in our everyday life?
8. Besides rivers, where can we find the purest water?
9. What hinders people from utilising rainwater in Oceania, besides its increasingly limited amount?
10. What need(s) removing from water before we use it?
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Part 3. For questions 11-15, you will hear two nutritionists, Fay Wells and George Fisher, discussing methods of food production. Choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
11. Looking at reports on the subject of GM foods, Fay feels _______.
A. pleased to read that the problem of food shortages is being addressed
B. surprised that the fears of the public are not allayed by them
C. frustrated by contradictory conclusions
D. critical of the scientists’ methodology
12. What does George suggest about organic foods?
A. Consumers remain surprisingly poorly informed about them.
B. People need to check out the claims made about them.
C. They need to be made more attractive to meat-eaters.
D. They may become more widely affordable in frture.
13. What is George’s opinion of ‘vertical farming’?
A. It could provide a realistic alternative to existing methods.
B. It’s a highly impractical scheme dreamt up by architects.
C. It’s unlikely to go much beyond the experimental stage.
D. It has the potential to reduce consumpyon of energy.
14. George and Fay agree that the use of nanotechnology in food production will _______. A. reduce the need for dietary supplements
B. simplify the process of food-labelling
C. complicate things for the consumer
D. introduce potential health risks
15. In Fay’s view, returning to self-suffciency is only an option for people who _______. A. have no need to get a return on their investment
B. are willing to accept a high level of regulation
C. reject the values of a consumer society
D. already have sufficient set-up funds
Part 4. For questions 16-25, you will listen to a recording of a presenter talking about Machu Picchu. Complete the summary by writing NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS and/or A NUMBER in each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (20 points)
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16. Machu Picchu, one of the most fascinating archaeological sites on Earth, proves how __________ the Incas were.
17. In its heyday, the Inca civilisation stretched __________, comparable to the horizontal width of the continental America.
18. Machu Picchu epitomised the Inca’s __________.
19. The construction of Machu Picchu was spectacular as it was done without the use of __________ to bind stones together.
20. Despite regular __________ in the region, Machu Picchu has remained in remarkable condition for over five centuries.
21. Machu Picchu is likely to have played its role as a(n) __________, a military stronghold, or a ceremonial site.
22. It is impossible to shed light on the real purpose Picchu due to the Inca’s lack of __________.
23. After being abandoned, Machu Picchu remained a mystery to the outside world, including __________ who mounted an invasion of the Inca civilisation in the 16th century. 24. __________ notwithstanding, Machu Picchu is still among the world’s most important archaeological sites.
25. 1983 saw Machu Picchu being designated as __________.
B. LEXICO – GRAMMAR (30 points)
Part 1. For questions 26-55, choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes the following sentences and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (20 points)
26. The new cirriculum has been designed to ________ students’ learning by combining theory with hands-on practice.
A. alleviate B. exaggerate C. sharpen D. optimize 27. The consultant called in by the firm had a ________ of experience bearing on the problem. A. wealth B. carton C. bank D. hoard
28. The chairman had a recommendation that ________.
A. each member studied more carefully the problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied by each member
C. with more carefulness the problem could be studied
D. each member study the problem more carefully
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29. A career in marketing has always been what she desires, so she just ________ herself in her work.
A. immersed B. submerged C. engulfed D. engrossed 30. Rather than ponder the questions, the interviewee ________ out the first answer coming into his head.
A. blundered B. blurted C. bungled D. botched 31. She rocked the baby in her arms and watched his little face as he ________ to sleep. A. drifted off B. burned with C. slipped into D. popped up 32. He was so highly knowledgeable on the areas that many would say he was something of a ________.
A. veteran B. novice C. probationer D. archivist 33. Many people refused to fall in with the idea that religion is a(n) ________ disputable anachronism.
A. academically B. cerebrally C. cognitively D. intellectually 34. A large proportion of the households in this area is ________ to the internet thanks to a generous foreign donor.
A. linked with B. wired up C. hooked up D. crossed with 35. It was a close ________ but we just made it to the airport on time for our flight. A. drive B. run C. call D. go
36. You are not supposed to park on the hard ________ except in an emergency. A. shoulder B. area C. lane D. head
37. Round and round ________.
A. went the wheels of the engine B. the wheels of the engine went C. did the wheels of the engine go D. going the wheels of the engine 38. I was thrilled to meet Paul Mc Cartney in the ________ when I sat next to him at the theatre. A. face B. flesh C. blood D. vein
39. He preferred to ________ any profits he made back into business.
A. sow B. plan C. plough D. dig
40. His new manager, who is always willing to do somebody a good ________, is kind-hearted and sociable.
A. go B. turn C. play D. part
41. It was a hot summer day and ice cream salesmen were doing a ________ trade. A. roaring B. bustling C. flickering D. staggering
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42. The choreographer ______ his fingers in time to the music so that the dancers could pick up the tempo.
A. clenched B. snapped C. nudged D. beckoned 43. The football club decided to ________ the team with a couple ofworld-class players. A. beef up B. chuck out C. match against D. sort out 44. When you join this game, it’s important that you should ________.
A. keep your wits about you B. gather your wits
C. keep your head in the clouds D. go to your head
45. Regional parliaments allow ________ for remote parts of the country or islands far from the captital.
A. self-government B. self-sufficiency C. self-regulation D. self-support
Part 2. For questions 46-55, give the correct form of each given word to complete the following sentences and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (10 points)
46. If a screen does not contain everything needed, further lexicographic information can be obtained by clicking on a ________. (LINK)
47. The documented differences between men and women in scientific career paths do not match what would be expected in a true ________. (MERIT)
48. Few _________ of homeopathy, acupuncture and the like regard therapies as complete substitutes for modem medicine. (PRACTICE)
49. You can ask a _________ for advice on what kind of food you should eat to keep you healthy. (DIET)
50. The new policy only serves to _________ the inadequacy of provision for the homeless. (ACCENT)
51. It is vital that we _________ this realm if we ever want to get anything done effective in securing it. (MYSTERY)
52. At the dawn of the Internet, many believed that it would enable a more _________ platform, particularly with politics. (PARTICIPATE)
53. I must admit that it is time the organizers did away with the _________ computer system and bought a new one. (ANNUAL)
54. The building looks a bit _________ from the outside but it’s quite traditional inside. (FUTURE) 55. Left-handers now dominate the game to an extent that _________ their numbers. (WEIGH)
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C. READING (60 points)
Part 1. For questions 56-65, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet. (15 points)
THE CHANGING FACE OF WORKING LIFE
The accepted concept of a career path followed a similar pattern for decades. After (56)_______ their education, people would enter the adult world of work, settling down to a job in which they would likely remain from that point (57) _______. Not only would this occupation provide their income for their entire working life, it would also allow them a(n) (58) _______ pension when they retired and moved into old age. Over the past twenty years, however, the relationship between a wage earner and their chosen profession has changed enormously. Today, the LGHD RI D ³MRE-for-OLIH´ KDV DOO (59) _______ disappeared, to be replaced by an unforgiving world of unstable employment. Some observers even argue that current society appears to pit old (60)_______ young in a constant battle to find work of some description, all against a (61) ______ of increasing debt and economic difficulties.
At the same time, the government regularly (62) ______ figures that suggest that the economy is prospering, evidencing this claim with the fact that the unemployment rate continues to fall annually. There are indeed more jobs (63) ______. However, a huge number of these are casual, temporary or short-term positions, all of which are low-paid and create (64)______ in the way of tax income for the government. This has a number of debilitating long-term effects, not (65) ______ because this assurance of a growing economy is based more in myth than fact.
Part 2. For questions 66-75, read the passage below and choose the answer A, B, C, or D that fit best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (10 points)
WRITING FICTION
Because I am a novelist myself, I am always faintly fussed by the idea of creative writing courses. I completely accept that you can teach the craft, that you can give instruction on how to structure a book, how to vary space and tension, hRZ WR ZULWH GLDORJXH %XW ZKDW \RX FDQ¶W teach, it seems to me, is the right kind of interpretation of what has been observed. It worries me to think of all those earnest pupils who have diligently mastered the mechanics, wondering with
varying degrees of misery and rage ZK\ WKH ILQLVKHG UHFLSH MXVW KDVQ¶W VRPHKRZ ZRUNHG The great writer Samuel Coleridge explained it. He said that there are two kinds of imagination, the primary and the secondary. We all, he said, possess the primary imagination,
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we all have the capacity to perceive, to notice. But what only poets (loosely translated as all truly creative people, I suppose) have – the secondary imagination is the capacity to select, and then translate and illuminate everything that has been observed so that it seems to the audience something entirely new, something entirely true, something exciting, wonderful and terrible.
There is, after all, nothing new to say about the human condition. There is nothing to say that Shakespeare or SophocleV KDVQ¶W DOUHDG\ Lnimitably, brilliantly, said. Codes of product, fashions in morality and ethics, all may come and go. But what the human heart has desired – and feared – down WKH DJHV JRHV RQ EHLQJ YHU\ PXFK WKH VDPH 7KH QRYHOLVW¶V WDVN LV WR IROORZ the well-trodden, time-worn path of human hopes and terrors. Never forget: betrayal may be as old as time, it may happen every QDQRVHFRQG RI HYHU\ PLQXWH WKDW¶V HYHU EHHQ EXW WKH ILUVW time it happens to you feels like the first time in the history of the world. A cliché is a cliché only if it is comfortably taking place in someone HOVH¶V OLIe.
7KLV HPSDWK\ LV YLWDO LQ WKH ZULWLQJ RI ILFWLRQ &ROHULGJH¶V YLHZ RI WKH SRHW DV prophet to the hungry hordes is, in truth, a bit grand for me. I admire it, but I am not, personally, quite up to it. I am happier seeing the novelist, sleeves rolled up, in the thick of it alongside the reader, bleeding when pricked, in just the same way that the reader does. The only capacity I would claim is that I have an instinct to select, from everythLQJ , KDYH QRWLFHG LQ KDOI D FHQWXU\¶V beady-eyed people-watching, the telling detail, the apt phrase. I seem to be good at the rhythms of dialogue. I seem to know how not to overwrite. But that is it really. Except that the older I get, the more prepared I am to surrender and trust to the power of the unconscious mind. Maybe this is a modest form of the secondary imagination, maybe not. Whatever it is, it produces a level and intensity of communication that causes people to buy my books and write to me about WKHP LQ QXPEHUV WKDW , VWLOO FDQ¶W JHW over.
What I do believe, fervently, is that we are all in this boat together ± writer, reader, critic. I have a tattered little quotation that lies on my desk and becomes more valuable to me as time goes on. It comes from the autobiography of the celebrated nineteenth-century writer Anthony Trollope. He said many remarkable things in this book, but my own personal favourite is on the VXEMHFW RI WKH QRYHOLVW¶V central preoccupation. Trollope is not so much concerned with the landscape of the grand passions as with something else, something less glamorous perhaps, but just as intense and certainly more XQLYHUVDO µ0\ WDVN¶ KH ZURWH µLV WR FKURQLFOH WKRVH OLWWOH daily lacerations XSRQ WKH VSLULW ¶
I feel a thrill of recognition every time I read that, or even think about it. That is what the ZULWHU¶V OLIH LV all about for me. The point of it is to emphasise that we are none of us immune to
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longing, or disappointment (much under-rated, in my view, as a source for distress), or frustration, or idiotic hope, or bad behaviour. What fiction does, in this difficult world, is to reassure us that we are not alone, nor we are (most of us) lost causes. There is a theory that suffering strengthens and elevates us in a way that jo\ FDQ QHYHU VRPHKRZ GR ,¶P QRW VR VXUH abRXW WKDW ,VQ¶W LW MXVW WKDW ZH KDYH RQ WKH ZKROH VR much more suffering than joy that we have resolved, out of our great surviving instinct, to insist that something worthwhile must be made of LW” $QG LVQ¶W ILFWion a handrail, of a kind, which we can all grasp while we blunder about in WKH GDUN” ,VQ¶W ILFWLRQ ZULWWHQ E\ SHRSOH IRU SHRSOH DERXW SHRSOH” $QG LV there a subject more fascinating or more important?
66. What view does the novelist express about creative writing courses?
A. A few good books emerge from them.
B. It would be inappropriate for her to teach on them.
C. Students are frustrated by the poor teaching on them.
D. Some aspects of writing skills can be successfully taught on them.
67. The novelist iPSOLHV WKDW D ZULWHU¶V PRVW YDOXDEOH DVVHW Ls ______.
A. an instinct for the unusual
B. a gift for meticulous observation
C. the ability to put a fresh interpretation on the everyday world
D. the ability to highlight sensational aspects of our existence
68. What is stated about writers in the third paragraph?
$ 7KH\ VKRXOG QRW H[SORLW WKHLU UHDGHUV¶ IHDUV
B. They should revisit well-established themes.
C. They should be prepared to exaggerate their personal experience.
D. They should not try to keep pace with changes in literary tastes.
69 7KH SKUDVH µthe well-trodden, time-worn path¶ UHIHUV WR WKHPHV RI ZULWLQJ WKDW are ______. A. familiar and long-standing B. extraordinary and profound
C. up-to-date and catchy D. simple and soulful
70 7KH ZRUG µprophet¶ UHIHUV WR ZULWHU DV D
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A. conservative B. receptive C. impartial D. emotional 71. The novelist states that one of her own strengths as a writer lies in ________. A. her depiction of character B. her construction of plot
C. her command of language D. her knowledge of psychology
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72. Why does novelist admire Anthony Trollope?
A. He portrays the fact that everyone suffers in some way.
B. He realises that all writers need a strong sense of place.
C. He understands that everyone craves deep emotion.
D. He is aware that all writers have a particular obsession.
73 7KH ZRUG µlacerations¶ UHIHUV WR BBBBBB HYHQWV
A. exhilarating B. epoch-making C. pathetic D. trivial 74. The novelist describHV ILFWLRQ DV µa handrail, of a kind¶ because it ______. A. reflects the negative aspects of emotion B. enables us to deal with failure C. helps us make sense of complex events D. offers reassurance in an uncertain world 75. Which theme recurs in this text?
A. The need for novelists to avoid complex philosophical questions
B. The need for novelists to develop their writing techniques
C. The need for novelists to give an accurate reflection of the spirit of the time ‘ 7KH QHHG IRU QRYHOLVWV WR LGHQWLI\ FORVHO\ ZLWK UHDGHUV¶ preoccupations
Part 3. For questions 76-88, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (13 points)
DOES WATER HAVE MEMORY?
The practice of homeopathy was first developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann. During research in the 17903, Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with quinine while in a state of good health, and reported in his journals that his extremiWLHV ZHQW FROG KH H[SHULHQFHG SDOSLWDWLRQV DQ ³LQILQLWH DQ[LHW\´ D WUHPEOLQJ DQd weakening of the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst-³ LQ VKRUW´ KH FRQFOXGHG ³DOO WKH V\PSWRPV RI UHODSVLQJ IHYHU SUHVHQWHG WKHPVHOYHV VXFFHVVLYHO\«´ HDKQHPDQQ¶V PDLQ REVervation was that things which create problems for healthy people cure
those problems in sick people, and this became his first principle of homeopathy: simila similibus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle of apothecary practice µat the time ± which was contraria contrariis (with help from the opposite) ± the efficacy of simila similibus was reaffirmed by subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations.
+DKQHPDQQ¶V VHFRQG SULQFLSOH ZDV PLQLPDO GRVLQJ-treatments should be taken in the most diluted form at which they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of simila similibus.
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In 1988 the French immunologist Jacques Benveniste took minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature in which he suggested that very high dilutions of the anti~1gE antibody could affect human basophil granulocytes, the least common of the granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood cells. The point of controversy, hRZHYHU ZDV WKDW WKH ZDWHU LQ %HQYHQLVWH¶V WHVW KDG EHHQ so diluted that any molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules, the researcher concluded, had a biologically active component that a journalist later tHUPHG ³ZDWHU memory´ $ QXPEHU RI HIIRUWV IURP VFLHQWLVWV LQ %ULWDLQ )UDQFH DQG WKH 1HWKHUODQGV WR duSOLFDWH %HQYHQLVWH¶V UHVHDUFK ZHUH XQVXFFHVVIXO KRZHYHU DQG WR WKLV GD\ QR SHHU-reviewed study under broadly accepted conditions has been able to confirP WKH YDOLGLW\ RI ³water PHPRU\´
7KH WKLUG SULQFLSOH RI KRPHRSDWK\ LV ³WKH VLQJOH UHPHG\´ ([SRQHQWV of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple homeopathic remedies delivered simultaneously. If it did work, they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work, neither patient nor practitioner would know whether the ingredients were all ineffective, or whether they were only ineffective in combination with one another. Combination remedies are gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who rely on the single remedy approach warn these are not more potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The availability of combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest, has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from homeopathic research indicating their efficacy.
Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of medicine, with strong assertions coming from both critics DQG VXSSRUWHUV RI WKH SUDFWLFH ³ +RPHRSDWK\ 7KHUH¶V QRWKLQJ LQ LW ´ announces the tagline to 10:23, a major British anti-homeopathy campaign. At 10.23 am. on 30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of the 10:23 stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle each of homeopathic pills in an attempt to raise awareness about the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water, with no active components. This, defenders of homeopathy say, is entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely on ingredients that EHFRPH WR[LF DW KLJK GRVHV EHFDXVH WKH ZDWHU UHWDLQV WKH ³PHPRU\´ WKDW DOORZV WKH RULJLQDO treatment to function.
Critics also point out the fact that homeopathic preparations have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor whether or not a particular treatment has been efficacious. Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While results may be less certain, they argue, the non-
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toxic nature of homeopathy means that practitioner and patient can experiment until they find something that works without concern for side effects. Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a cocktail of drugs that only tackles the symptoms of disease, while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes. Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more effective treatment.
Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term that describes beneficial outcomes from D WUHDWPHQW WKDQ FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH SDWLHQW¶V H[SHFWDWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH WUHDWPHQW UDWKHU WKDQ IURP WKH WUHDWPHQW LWVHOI %DVLFDOO\ WKH SDWLHQW ³tKLQNV´ KLPVHOI LQWR
feeling better. Defenders suggest that homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point to the successful results of homeopathy on patients who are unconscious at the time of treatment, as well as on animals.
For questions 76-82, decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet.
76. Samuel Hahnemannn developed his principles based on an existent set of rules at his time. 77. The existence of a biologically active part in water has yet to be conclusively proven. 78. The Single remedy serves to preclude the unforeseeable outcomes of remedial combinations. 79. It has been suggested that the practice of applying several treatments at the same time becomes more common due to endorsements by scientists.
80. The uncertainty of preparations for homeopathy is perceived by both supporters and opponents of it.
81. Patients’ feelings are affected by the outcomes ofthe treatments they receive. 82. Abortive attempts of homeopathic treatment are used to corroborate its opponents’ arguments.
For questions 83-88, write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken front the passage to complete the following paragraph. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet.
There are three principles behind the practice of homeopathy. The first one, simila similibus, was developed by Samuel Hahnemann after experimentation in which he observed that problem-inducing factors could become treatments for suffering people. While marking a departure from that of (83) ______________, this principle of homeopathy was substantiated by
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further advancements. The second principle, minimal dosing, serves to avert (84)____________ that can be caused by simila similibus. The attempt for its furtherance was made by Jacques Benveniste, but controversy was sparked as there was a lack of (85) ______________ in the used water. Moreover, a result from his experiment termed “water memory” had received (86)______________ to the moment of writing. The third principle named ‘fie single remedy” works on the ground that application of multiple treatments at the same time can make
homeopathy become a(n) (87) ______________ even when the results are desirable. Homeopathy is a controversial remedy. While there are arguments in favour of it, critics have suggested weaknesses in the treatment including its components, lack of systemic design and the reliance on (88) ______________ of its feasible positive effects.
Part 4: In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. Read the passage and choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra pragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (7 points)
THE WATERPHONE
Brooks Hubbert clutches the neck of a prickly, circular instrument that somewhat resembles an upside-down jellyfish, its tendrils represented by stiff bronze rods of various lengths.
89.
This is a waterphone, and its distinctive music is felt as much as heard – in the hair at the back of WKH QHFN LQ WKH JXW ,W¶V WKH VRXQG RI D OXUFKLQJ HOHYDWor or a renegade fairground ride about to spin off its axis.
90.
Invented and patented in 1969, the waterphone has captivated, confused, and generally creeped out audiences via film scores, orchestral works, and more than one experimental San Francisco concert over the past 45 years.
91.
+XEEHUW LV QRZ FDUU\LQJ RQ :DWHUV¶ OHJDF\ Euilding waterphones in his backyard workshop using the same painstaking process Waters devised. Each waterphone starts with a stainless steel pan, shaped like two pie tins welded at the brim, which acts as a resonator. Out of this base juts a series of bronze tonal rods and a long, thick neck with an opening at the top, where the water is poured in. Fill the pan with water, and the rods vibrate and trill with woozy harmonies when tapped with a mallet or stroked with a bow.
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92.
-XVW GRQ¶W WXUQ LW XSVLGH GRwn, or the water will fall out. It fits into so many different applications because it has such a wide range of tones. There are all kinds of playing techniques that have yet to even be discovered.
93.
:DWHUV¶ SDWK WR LQYHQWLRQ EHJDQ LQ JUDG VFKRol in the mid-1960s at OaklaQG¶V &DOLIRUQLD &ROOHJH of Arts and Crafts, where he first played an instrument he described as a Tibetan water drum – a round bronze tub, filled with water, that rocked when struck. Later, dabbling in the local hippie scene, he heard the music of a kalimba in a Haight-Ashbury parade.
94.
Waters and Charlton, both drawn to experimental music, formed the Gravity Adjusters ([SDQVLRQ %DQG LQ DQG EHJDQ VKRZFDVLQJ :DWHUV¶ VRQLF LQYHQWLRQV DURXQG the Bay Area. Other percussionists took notice. When drummer Shelly Manne flew up from Los Angeles and asked to buy a waterphone, Charlton knew his bandmate was onto something big. Waters soon drove a vanload of his instruments to L.A., and sold them all in one week.
95.
Think of those skin-bristling scenes where a protagonist wanders into a dark house alone – the audio accompaniment is often a waterphone, which Hubbert discovered while browsing music news on the Web in the late 1990s.
The Paragraphs
A. Waters began welding his own homemade instruments out oftin cans, salad bowls, and hubcaps. He eventually showed one to his friend, jazz drummer Lee Charlton. At Charlton’s studio, the pair poured some water into the base, and the first waterphone was born. B. Even as synthesizers rose to ubiquity and electronic samples could be coaxed from computers with a few deft keystrokes, Waters’ acoustic invention never lost its appeal. In times of peak demand, customers lined up for a spot on a yearlong waiting list, eager to shell out up to $1,700 for one of his handmade creations.
C. The instrument’s melody is often compared to that ofthe humpback whale – so much so that conservation groups have used the apparatus to summon cetaceans. The waterphone is classified as a percussion instrument, but it has a greater range than any of its comrades in that category. There is no part of the gadget that doesn’t make music – one can strike the rods, hit or rub the underside of the base, or finger-drum on the neck.
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D. A few years later, Hubbert was playing a gig at a local yacht club, and Waters, not recognizing him, came up to praise the show. Hubbert took off his sunglasses and reintroduced himself; they had a fond reunion. Waters started attending Hubbert’s gigs, and Hubbert would stop by Waters’ home studio to chat about the waterphone craft.
E. That idea might have pleased Waters, a trained painter, kinetic sculptor, bamboo enthusiast, and lifelong creator who would often walk into a room and begin drumming on any interesting wood or brass objects he saw, according to his daughter, Rayme Waters. F. It might call to mind the soundtracks of 1980s-era horror and ghost movies, and with good reason. The instrument’s low, haunting moans and eerie, high-pitched squeals – like screeching brakes – have become known as the sound of suspense in films like Poltergeist, The Matrix, Star Trek – The Motion Picture, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and Let the Right One In.
G. Shortly aner that, Hollywood came knocking. An acquaintance of Waters’ Who worked as a sound-effects artist told him the water-phone had potential, and before long, composers began incorporating the instrument into film and TV scores. Thrillers were a natural fit. H. He drags a bow across a few of them, producing a piercing, metallic shriek. Satisfied with this, he tilts the instrument to one side, and this is where the sound goes wonky as tones bend upward, dip down, and shift sideways because the six ounces of water in the device’s base echo and resonate.
Part 5: For questions 96-105, you are going to read an article about an art exhibition that focuses on the subject of whether paintings are authentic or fake. Answer the questions by choosing from the sections of the article (A – F). The sections may be chosen more than once,
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided on the answer sheet. (15 points)
A. Close Examination at the National Gallery looks at 40 problematic works from the Gallery’s collection – including outright forgeries, misattributions, and copies, altered or over restored paintings, and works whose authenticity has wrongly been doubted. The curators have taken on a huge subject – the range of possibilities museum professionals take into consideration when they investigate a picture’s status and the variety of technical procedures conservation scientists use to establish authorship and date. The case histories they discuss have a single common denominator. Whatever conclusion the combined disciplines of connoisseurship, science and art history may lead, the study of any work of art begins with a question: is the work by the artist to whom it is attributed?
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B. A good example is a painting that the National Gallery acquired in 1923, as the work of an artist in the circle of the Italian 15th century painter Melozzo da Forlì. Today, we find it incredible that anyone was ever fooled by a picture that looks like it was painted by a Surrealist follower of Salvador Dali. But this is to forget how little was known about Melozzo, and how little could be done in the conservation lab to determine the date of pigments or wood panel.
Even so, from the moment the picture was acquired, sceptics called its status into question. Nothing could be proved until 1960 when an art historian pointed out the anachronisms. When technological advances enabled the gallery to test the pigments, they were found to be from the 19th century.
C. Scientific evidence can be invaluable but it has to be used with caution and in tandem with historical research. For example, Corot’s ravishing sketch The Roman Campagna, with the Claudian Aqueduct has always been dated to about 1826, soon after the artist’s arrival in Rome.
However, the green pigment that Corot used throughout the picture only became available to artists in the 1830s. The landscape wasn’t a fake and for stylistic reasons couldn’t have been painted later than the 1820s. All became clear when historians did more research and discovered that the firm that sold artists’ supplies to Corot in Paris started making the newly developed colour available to selected customers in the mid-1820s, long before it came into widespread use.
D. The flipside of a fake, but capable of doing equal violence to an artist’s reputation, occurs when an authentic work is mistakenly labelled a forgery. I well remember how distressing it was to read an article in which the former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thomas Hoving, declared that Uccello’s lovely little canvas of St. George and the Dragon was forged. The gallery therefore X-rayed the picture and tested paint samples, before concluding that it was a rare survival of a work by Uccello dating from the early 1470s. Hoving was irresponsible not because he questioned the attribution of a much-loved work, but because he went public without first asking the gallery to carry out a thorough scientific analysis.
E. Anyone can label a picture a fake or a copy, but their opinions are worthless unless they can support them with tangible proof. One picture that’s been smeared in this way is Raphael’s Madonna of the Pinks. In this exhibition we are shown infrared photographs that reveal the presence both of major corrections which a copyist would not need to make, and also of under drawing in a hand comparable to Raphael’s when he sketched on paper. The pigments and paper technique exactly match those that the artist used in other works.
F. The show also has an unspoken agenda. It is a reply to the mistaken belief that museums
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have anything to gain by hiding the true status of the art they own. As the downgrading in this show of Courbet’s Self-Portrait to the status of a posthumous copy of a picture in the Louvre shows, the opposite is the case: museums and galleries constantly question, reattribute and re date the works in their care. If they make a mistake, they acknowledge it.
In which section of the article are the following mentioned?
96. the different categories of people involved in examining pictures
97. an incorrect idea about the attitude of people responsible for exhibiting paintings 98. similarities in an artist’s style in more than one place
99. investigative work that showed that a picture was an unusual example of an artist’s work 100. information that solved a mystery about a painting known to be authentic 101. reasons why it is understandable that a certain mistake was made
102. the willingness of experts to accept that their beliefs are wrong
103. the ftndamental issue surrounding research into a picture
104. evidence from an expert outside the world of art
105. an accusation that upset the writer personally
D. WRITING (60 points)
Part 1. Read the following ex-tract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be about 140 words. You MUST NOT copy the original. (15 points) According to a report by Asiaweek, on-the-job injuries are no longer confined strictly to blue-collar workers. The modern-day office has become a danger zone and computers are largely to be blamed. Their increased use points to an increase in sick leave and doctors’ visits. The new group of patients includes writers, secretaries and data-entry clerks. Anyone who spends hours at a keyboard can be at risk.
The most frequent complaints are wrist, hand and neck pain. These are typical signs of repetitive strain injuries. Another related condition is called carpal tunnel syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. It results from repeated movements such as typing or using the mouse over a long period of time. Before computers came along, typists would stop to make corrections or change paper. These movements provided some relief. Now, typists rarely move from their computer, hitting as much as 21,600 words an hour. In severe cases, the pain shoots up a victim’s arm. Some also develop neck and shoulder problems from holding their head in uncomfortable positions.
Computer users may also complain of eye strain, headaches, double vision and other eye problems caused by improper use of display screens. It may be a result of staring at the screen for too long. It could also be due to improper lighting and screen glare.
The best way to cope with such problems is to adopt healthier work habits. This means that the workers have to hold their wrists flat when they use the keyboard. They should also tap on the keys softly and take frequent breaks. Their feet should also be flat on the floor and their heads and backs straight. Some may be required to change their typing technique. In severe
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cases, taking a rest and some anti-inflammatory medication may be necessary. There are also ergonomic hardware and software that blends well with a person’s body or actions. Some examples of such ergonomic hardware are tilting display screens, detachable keyboards and specially designed keyboards that are suitable for the wrists. Employers and managers should help employees create a comfortable working environment to reduce the side effects of working on the computer.
Part 2. The bar chart below gives information about the percentage of the population living in urban areas in different parts of the world.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. (15 points)
Changes in percentage of population in urban areas
Part 3. Essay writing. (30 points)
Some people say that citizens should be given freedom to express their personal opinions and concerns about the social problems on the Internet. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons and relevant examples to support your answer. You should write at least 350 words.
