Đề thi tuyển sinh vào lớp 10 THPT Chuyên Hoàng Văn Thụ, Hòa Bình môn Tiếng Anh (Chuyên) năm học 2022-2023

III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Write your answers in the space provided below. (0.5 point)

Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion.

In direct contact, elements of a society's culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther a field. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is attributed to the Chinese Ts'ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started.

Diffusion by intermediate contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet which may have been invented by another Semitic group to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific Islands.

In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones.

(Adapted from https://toefl libtee.com) 81. According to the passage, a change that occurred in Africa and the Pacific Islands as a result of the arrival of missionaries was

A. an increase in the presence of soldiers.

C. the manufacture of paper

82. According to the passage, what did Sequoya do?

B. variation in local style of dressing

D. the introduction of new alphabetical systems

A. He adopted the English writing system for use in Cherokee.

B. He studied English intensively in order to learn to write it.

C. He taught English to Cherokee Native Americans.

D. He created a Cherokee writing system based on elements of the English alphabet.

83. The origins of the Greek and Cherokee writing systems were discussed in the passage because both systems

A. underwent identical patterns of development in different parts of the world

B. influenced the development of alphabets of other languages

C. represented distinct ways in which elements could be introduced into a culture

D. were introduced by religious missionaries

84. Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?

A. They all cause changes in cultures.

B. They all occur in more than one culture.

C. They all involve the interaction of cultures. D. They all require the trading of manufactured products.