Đề thi chọn HSG lớp 12 chương trình THPT tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc môn Tiếng Anh năm học 2022-2023 có đáp án bản PDF

of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood. Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and 

was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting 

in the 4th century, but it did not come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution. 

In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, most energy used in the United States and other nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were 

predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper 

to transport. They burned more cleanly than coal and polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined 

to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles; a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the 

automobile arrived on the scene. 

By 1984, nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and 

renewable fuels, such as biomass. Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from 

the use of energy from local sources to a centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the case with most automobile fuels. In 

countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of nonrenewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced. 

Trang 7/7 

Alternative fuel sources are numerous, and shale oil and hydrocarbons are just two examples. The extraction of shale oil from large deposits in Asian and European regions has proven to be labor consuming and costly. The resulting product is sulfur- and nitrogen-rich, and large-scale extractions are presently prohibitive. Similarly, the extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands in Alberta and Utah is complex. 

Shared by Angels of Otto Channel